Rh-Negative Blood: An Exotic Bloodline or Random Mutation?
Most people who have the Rh blood type are Rh-positive. There are also instances, however, where people are Rh-Negative. Health problems may occur for the unborn child of a mother with Rh-Negative blood when the baby is Rh-Positive. This has led some to suggest that Rh-Negative blood must be of a non-human origin. Theories range from supernatural ones such as being of divine descent or membership in a divinely chosen people-group, to more scientific or pseudoscientific explanations such as interbreeding with extraterrestrials. The majority of scientists who have studied the blood type have concluded that it is most likely just a random mutation. This explanation seems to be the one most consistent with available evidence and the one that is most able to withstand Occam’s Razor.
What is unusual about Rh-Negative blood is that the gene for it is surprisingly common despite, being potentially harmful. When a woman who is Rh-Negative is pregnant with a child that is Rh-Positive the mother’s immune system creates protective anti-bodies to the Rh-Positive blood, and her blood essentially becomes toxic to the child. To some people, this looks like the mother’s body is rejecting the baby - which has led them to suggest that perhaps the reason for the rejection is incompatibility based on the mother and child being of different species. Others suggest that lineages with the gene for Rh-Negative blood are merely special in some way and were not meant to be mixed with lineages which are predominantly Rh-Positive.
Rh-Negative Blood Lineages
One population which contains an unusually high frequency of the gene for the Rh-Negative blood type are the Basques from northeastern Spain. The Basques have the highest incidence of the gene out of any population in the world. The Basques also speak a non-Indo-European language and have genetic markers that pre-date the rise of agriculture. This has led to speculation that Rh-Negative blood is related to Cro-Magnon ancestry going back to the upper Paleolithic period in Europe.
Among the more exotic theories is the idea that the Rh-Negative gene represents a separate branch of humanity that intermarried with the branch that came out of Africa. One blogger has gone as far as to say that those with Rh-Negative blood are descendants of the Hyperborean race, which they believe to be the original human race. Followers of this idea believe that this race was blonde-haired and blue-eyed and included most major spiritual teachers in history, including Jesus.
Some people who are not satisfied with the idea that those with RH- blood are another form of humanity have suggested that the trait originates from extraterrestrials either interbreeding with humans or creating humans through genetic engineering.
The Role of Genetics in Rh-Negative Blood
This unusual trait can, however, also be explained in terms of relatively mundane human genetics and natural selection. One possibility is that the gene for Rh-Negative blood has some sort of selective advantage that outweighed the negative consequences of having Rh-Negative blood.
A well-known example of this phenomenon would be the case of sickle cell anemia and malaria. A large percentage of the population in west Africa where malaria is common consists of carriers of the gene for sickle-cell anemia, although they don’t have the disease themselves. The reason is that just carrying the gene for sickle cell anemia gives the person carrying it immunity to Malaria. Although sickle-cell anemia is harmful, even deadly, carrying the gene gives a selective advantage and therefore it is much more common than would be expected.
Scientists studying the effects of Rh-Negative blood have found that individuals carrying the gene for Rh-Negative blood are more resistant to certain parasites such as toxoplasma, which can threaten unborn children. It has also been found that there are more carriers of the gene in areas where toxoplasma is more common. This suggests that carriers of the gene for Rh-Negative blood might be more common than expected because there is a positive selective advantage, greater resistance to parasites, that outweighs the negative, possibly having a pregnancy where the mother’s blood endangers the unborn child.
As a result, it could be that some populations contain a higher occurrence rate of the gene not because of a unique lineage but because they are adapted to a region with a high prevalence of certain parasites such as toxoplasma. This would explain why the gene occurs in high frequency in populations that are not really connected other than the fact that they are Homo Sapiens, such as Basques and certain Jewish populations.
The Basques have an ancestry that, with other European groups, goes back to the European Upper Paleolithic. Yet the Jews ultimately descend from relatively recent Middle Eastern populations. This would make sense if the reason for the prevalence of the gene was because both the ancestral Basque and Jewish populations originated in an environment with similar selective factors rather than being of a common lineage.
Although it could still be that there is a common, unique ancestral lineage connecting populations with high prevalence of Rh-Negative blood, the fact that the populations where the gene occurs in high prevalence appear otherwise unrelated to each other makes it less likely and in need of more evidence.
Could Rh-Negative Blood Come from Extraterrestrials?
The extraterrestrial explanation is even more problematic because the Rh-Negative gene is clearly a variation of an otherwise completely human gene. Unless it was specifically engineered by extraterrestrials from a pre-existing human gene, it is unlikely that it comes from anything other than Homo Sapiens.
The other problem with the Rh-Negative blood type being the result of hybridization with extraterrestrials is that extraterrestrials are likely to have a completely different biology and genome than human beings. Their genome might not even be based on DNA - but something else such as RNA, or some exotic form of genetic storage that never evolved on Earth. This would make any viable hybrids very improbable if not impossible. As the astronomer Carl Sagan would have put it, it would be easier to make a human-tulip hybrid, than a human-extraterrestrial hybrid.
The unlikelihood and uncertainty of the other options make the explanation that the Rh-Negative blood type is just a mutation that became common in some populations due to a selective advantage the most likely option. It is also the one that most easily survives the application of Occam’s Razor. If this blood type was because of another human species, let alone extraterrestrials, many more unnecessary assumptions that are difficult to verify have to be made. As a result, the evidence currently points toward little more than an ordinary mutation as the cause of the Rh-Negative blood phenotype.
Top Image: Silhouettes (Public Domain) in front of blood cells (Public Domain) and a gene. (Public Domain)
By Caleb Strom
References
“Blood Types” by Khameeka Kitt (2010). The Tech Museum of Innovation Ask a Geneticist. Available at: http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask381
“Origin Theories of the Rh-Negative Blood Factor.” Rh-Negative Registry. Available at: http://www.rhnegativeregistry.com/Rh_Negative_Factor_Blood_Origin_Theories_Migration.html
“Theory: Jesus "Yashua's" Nazarene” by “Neil” (N.D.). Rh-Negative Registry. Available at: http://www.rhnegativeregistry.com/jesus-yashuas-nazarene-rh-negative-origin.html
Gurevitch, J., D. Hermoni, and Z. Polishuk. "Rh blood types in Jerusalem Jews." Annals of Human
Genetics 16.1 (1951): 129-130.
Chalmers, J. N., Elizabeth W. Ikin, and A. E. Mourant. "The ABO, MN and Rh blood groups of the Basque
people." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7.4 (1949): 529-544.
It might be an insult to science as the 1st comment puts it. But science gets insulted by anyone who suggests anything other than main stream sciences explanations. This statement from the person above is suggesting our science knows everything & is correct about everything & any other suggestion is an insult. Which I find totally ridiculous personally. All of the ancient texts studied by science are labelled as myth. Are we seriously supposed to believe, ancient cultures who have built amazing structures. Many of which we would struggle or even couldn't replicate today. Only documented fantasy stories. Or are you labelled a sudo scientist for suggesting any other explanation? We have a lot of labelling placed on people nowadays, who have the courage to look & study things differently. I'm positive in the dark ages people were executed for suggesting the Earth travelled around the Sun & not visa versa. Today main stream science is finding through the James Webb telescope. This Big Bang theory isn't as water tight as they've been saying for the previous decades. Which isn't surprising considering it goes against fundamental laws of physics. Then again you'll always get those unwilling to have the courage to look at things from a different view. What happened to neanderthals? What blood type were they? What other types of hominids have walked this planet? How did we advance so much in such a short period of time? There's a lot more mystery to modern day humans than even our science can explain. Personally I think it's best to be open minded to all different possibilities. I'm positive in the late 1990's we were going to find out who our common ancestor was going to be. Through our new found geneoligy & DNA studies. I don't know about anyone else. But I haven't heard or seen the conclusive results of this.
Give it a break. Rh-negative blood type is common in northern Europe. B blood type in South America. This fascination with extraterrestrials is an insult to science and the rational mind. Sources used from 1949– oh, gee, who didn’t much like Jews in those days, hmm?
Take a collegiate anthropology class and learn about migration routes as humanity spread around the globe.
Bottom line: evolutionary adaptations to environmental conditions, probably. Natural selection, definitely.
And in conclusion, the firstborn of positive and negative parents is okay, because the mixture of blood occurs during childbirth, so it is Subsequent children who are increasingly put at risk one after the other.